Can Tony Harrisons Poem V Be Considered An Elegy For A Passing Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2268 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? When first broadcast on Channel 4 in 1987 Tony Harrisons long poem v. caused a furore, mainly in the popular press. Famously, the Daily Mail condemned it as featuring a torrent of four-letter filth (Harrison, 1989, p.40), and a number of other, principally tabloid newspapers published critical articles and columns which helpfully totted up for their readers the number of swear words used in the poem. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can Tony Harrisons Poem V Be Considered An Elegy For A Passing Culture" essay for you Create order In the House of Commons an Early Day Motion was proposed on 27th October 1987, calling upon Channel 4 not to broadcast the poem on the grounds that it featured a stream of obscenities (Harrison, 1989, p.60). For a brief period Harrisons poem was a battleground fought over by conservative and liberal opinion concerning freedom of expression in the media. That so much attention was paid to the use of bad language in the poem may be at least partly explained by Harrisons innovative development of the film poem medium (see Harrison, 1995), which meant that v. gained the sort of exposure otherwise closed off to contemporary poetry in Britain. This suspicion is to some extent supported by the observation that the poem had appeared in print in 1985 and caused not much of a stir beyond the fairly small readership for contemporary poetry. However, the main point here is that such a focus upon the controversial nature of the language of the poem might distract us from its main concerns and strengths. In a newspaper article written in support of v. Blake Morrison described it as a real state-of-the-nation poem (Harrison, 1989, p.57), and said that the real shock delivered by the poem is that it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society (Harrison, 1989, p.56). Such an assessment identifies the political character of v., a poem written at the time of the Miners Strike in 1984-5, which is often considered to be not only the most bitterly fought industrial conflict of the post-war era in Britain, but also the event which brought about the end of that era and of a whole class and its way of life, especially in the North of England. It is for this latter that v. may be said to be an elegy, an elegy which has both personal and collective dimensions. Traditionally, as a genre the elegy has been seen as providing consolation to those who have lost someone they have loved or valued. According to Jahan Ramazani, the elegy has had the propensity to translate gr ief into consolation (1994, p.3). Ramazani cites such examples as John Miltons Lycidas and Percy Shelleys Adonais as elegies which end with their subjects affixed in the firmament or in the landscape as permanent, transcendent entities whose light will never fade (1994, pp.3-4). Much the same tendency may also be found in Rupert Brookes self-elegy The Soldier (1914), in which the speaker offers the compensation that after his death theres some corner of a foreign field/That is forever England (see Ramazani, 1994, p.70). For the purposes of a discussion of Harrisons v., however, it is arguably the most famous example of the elegy in the English language which has the most relevance Thomas Grays Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (1751). That relevance is partly founded on the fact that Grays poem was apparently prompted by the writers contemplation of the churchyard in Stoke Poges where his mother was buried, just as Harrisons poem arises from a visit made to the family plot in H olbeck Cemetery in Leeds. Moreover, like Harrisons, Grays poem is a self-elegy concluding with a self-composed epitaph for the speaker, as well as being an elegy for the nameless rude forefathers (Price (ed.), 1973, p.662, l.16) mouldering away in their unmarked, or crudely inscribed graves in the churchyard. In these ways, Grays poem combines both personal and impersonal or collective elements. Tony Harrison has explicitly acknowledged his use of Grays Elegy in discussions of v. (see, for example, BBC, 2011). In doing so, Harrison focusses upon his use of Grays metre, stanza and alternate rhyme scheme (although, it should be said that he employs rhymed iambic pentameter organised into quatrains in many of his best known poems). For Harrison, to write using such versification is important in making his poetry accessible to a wider audience, but also it may be said that he employs such forms for subversive purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to take the traditional forms of poetry and fil l them with explicitly political, if not confrontational content. In an interview with John Tusa on Radio 3 in 2011 Harrison talked of v. as a rage in an urban churchyard (BBC, 2011), and of his purpose being to find a voice for that rage rather than melancholic reflection. If the humble dead scattered about Stoke Poges are for Gray largely anonymous, for Harrison they are family, or substantial people, in more than one sense. However, in the poem Harrison communicates his sense of division with regards to his relationship with the people who occupy the grave-plots in Holbeck Cemetery and to his origins in the working class community of Beeston Hill in Leeds more generally. It could be said that v. is an elegy for his parents (both of whom had died only a few years before the poem was written), and is also an elegy for the working class community and culture from which they and Harrison came, a community slowly dying from the process of de-industrialisation hastened along by the Tha tcherite economic policies of the 1980s. However, in addition it may be said that the poem constitutes an elegy for the poets own lost connection with and belonging to the community and family in which he was brought up. At the beginning of the poem the speaker takes us on a tour of the tombs and memorials of the solid citizens who made up the community of Beeston Hill in the past à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Wordsworth, who built church organs, Byron, who tanned/luggage cowhide in the age of steam (1989, p.7). Of course, Harrison makes effective ironic use of these names, playing with our recognition of them as the names of central figures in the canon of English poetry, whilst simultaneously pulling the rug from beneath the feet of our expectations. As Helmut Haberkam points out, Harrisons description of himself as bard in the opening stanza of the poem suggests the romantic idea of the vates (1994, p.92), or prophetic poet, which was popularised by the likes of Thomas Gray in the 18th c entury (Gray even wrote a poem of that name). However, Harrison immediately undermines this (quite literally) in the following stanza by revealing that the graveyard sits above the galleries of an old coal mine which one day in the future will cause his grave and those of the distinguished dead to drop/into the rabblement of bone and rot (1989, p.7). So, rather than being set apart as a figure with a specially privileged vision, Harrison implies that he in fact will end up where he began, amongst the rabblement of butcher, publican, and baker (1989, p.7), thus, according to Haberkam, validating the idea of the poet as a socially responsive and responsible contemporary (1994, p.92). However, the scenario developed in the poem by Harrison from this point on radically puts into question his entitlement to represent poetically the community and culture to which he used to belong. We learn that whilst his father would come home with clay stains on his trouser knees every week after ha ving tended his mothers grave, Harrisons visits to their graves have been more sporadic and of shorter duration (odd ten minutes such as these (1989, p.12)). What seems to be implied is that the work of remembrance is precisely that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a matter of the hard graft of ritual and routine, of tending graves in practice but also, by so doing, maintaining links with the past and the dead by making them part of our lives in the present. Although Harrison is horrified by the obscene and racist graffiti he finds sprayed on the graves, he is forced to ask the question whos to blame, the drunken Leeds Utd fans who rampage through the graveyard, or people like himself, who left Leeds for work or fuller lives (1989, p.12), people whose relationship with their origins might be said to be, at least, ambivalent. In order to convey this ambivalence towards his origins and his sense of loss, Harrison à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whose first successes, it should be remembered, were as a dramat ic poet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" employs dialogue and character. The sight of the racist and obscene graffiti causes the anguished Harrison earnestly to question their meaning and their cause: But why inscribe these graves with CUNT and SHIT? Why choose neglected tombstones to disfigure? What is it that these crude words are revealing? What is it that this aggro act implies? Giving the dead their xenophobic feeling or just a cri-de-coeur that man dies? (1989, pp.16-17) However, at this point another voice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that of an unemployed skinhead interjects violently: So, whats a cri-de-coeur, Cunt? Cant you speak/the language that yer mam spoke (1989, p.17). From this point in the poem onwards, Harrison is engaged in an increasingly desperate dialogue with the skinhead (his alter ego (1989, p.31)), who taunts the poet for his claim to represent people such as himself: Dont talk to me of fucking representing/the class yer were born into any moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/Who needs/yer fucking poufy words. Ah write me own. (1989, p.22). For a poet who throughout his writing life has documented his struggle to give voice to the experience and culture of the community in which he was brought up (in the well-known poem Them and [Uz], for example (Harrison, 2003 (3rd ed.) pp.102-3), the skinheads question is a crucial one, and one for which the only answer Harrison has seems to be to re-enact that struggle dramatically and poetically. Michael Thursto n writes that whereas Thomas Gray can peacefully contemplate his elegiac resources in the quiet context of graveyards, Harrison is called on to defend both poetry and his own poetic practice against claims lodged by a spokesman for historys victims (2009, p.148). By this reckoning, the traditional compensations made available by the elegy form à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the assurance offered by the poet that the subject of the elegy will achieve a permanence and a transcendence in the shape of the elegy itself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are dependent upon a tacit agreement that the poet may legitimately represent the absent subject. This assurance, however, is denied to Harrison, for whom all the versuses of life (1989, p.11) the political conflicts that divided Thatcherite Britain, class v. class as bitter as before,/the unending violence of US and THEM,/personified in 1984/by Coal Board MacGregor and the NUM (1989, p,11) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these conflicts extend into the graveyard itself and into the poetry and the language employed by Harrison. According to Terry Eagleton, Harrison is a natural Bakhtinian, for whom language itself is a terrain of struggle where opposing accents intersect (1991, p.349). The skinhead with whom Harrison engages in the poem may well be alienated from the community which spawned him (from both its past and its present) but, unemployed and xenophobic as he is, he may also be more representative of that community than the poet could ever hope to be. Moreover, the skinhead sees Harrison himself as the class enemy, as one of those who speaks down to him, treats him like he is dumb (1989, p.19). He has his own words and way of expressing them, which in the end may be just as valid as those brief chisellable bits from the good book (1989, p.10) engraved on the gravestones which the graffiti obscure, or those of Harrison himself. However, although the conflict enacted by Harrison in the poem would seem to put into doubt his right to commemorate and to speak for the community which the skinheads very presence would appear to mark as having past, this in itself is rendered ambiguous by the revelation that the foul-mouthed disaffected skinhead and the polyglot cultured poet are one and the same (He aerosolled his name. And it was mine. (1989, p.22)). The words that the skinhead has spoken throughout the poem have been Harrisons, and the skinhead himself, as Harrison has made clear, is what he may have become if he had not benefited from the 1944 Education Act which enabled him to go to Leeds Grammar School (BBC, 2011). So, in the end, the skinhead is revealed as the ghost of the life that Harrison did not lead à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one where he stayed in Leeds, found himself subject to social and economic forces beyond his control or understanding, and was ultimately dumped on the slag heap. The poem has been, by this account, an elegy for that lost life. Bibliography BBC (2011) The John Tusa Interviews: Tony Harrison. [Online]. Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00nc89r [Accessed 30th October 2015] EAGLETON, T. (1991) Antagonisms. In ASTLEY, N. (1991) Bloodaxe Critical Anthologies: 1: Tony Harrison. Newcastle: Bloodaxe Books (pp.348-50). GRAY, T. (1751) Elegy written in a Country Churchyard. In PRICE, M. (1973) The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press (pp.661-5). HABERKAM, H. (1994) These Vs. are all the Versuses of Life. In BARFOOT, C. (ed.) In Black and Gold: Contiguous Traditions in Post-War British and Irish Poetry. Amsterdam: Rodopi Press (pp.79-94). HARRISON, T. (1989) v. (2nd Ed.). Tarset: Bloodaxe Books. HARRISON, T. (1995) The Shadow of Hiroshima and other Film Poems. London: Faber and Faber. HARRISON, T. (2003) Selected Poems (3rd Ed.). London: Faber and Faber. RAMAZANI, J. (1994) Poetry of Mourning: The Modern Elegy fro m Hardy to Heaney. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. THURSTON, M. (2009) The Underworld in Twentieth-Century Poetry: From Pound and Eliot to Heaney and Walcott. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

The Cognitive Theory Of Emotion - 1379 Words

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Business Proposal Research DesignQuantitative Research

Question: Discuss about the Business ProposalResearch Design forQuantitative Research. Answer: Introduction: Research Design Research Approach A research approach is composed of quantitative research, qualitative research and both. Quantitative research is concerned with the positive paradigm. Here, data are collected and it is then converted into numerical structure so that statistical calculations can be concluded. On the other hand, qualitative research is concerned with the social constructive standard. It emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality. Here, the topic is about the nation branding of Pakistan as a Sufi Country. The research approach is qualitative because the topic is more concerned with the human behaviour, experience, emotions and contradictory beliefs of Pakistan. In the Pakistan history, Sufi has made an important place in the hearts of the Pakistanis. Sufi is a term used to address a person who is guided by their Allah or God. God is a belief, so, the research approach is qualitative. Research Objectives At first, in order to operate and explore Sufism in Pakistan, the nation needs to establish the core values of their own nation. The core values should include their cultures, their Qawalis and so on. These values should be durable, relevant and communicable as well as hold saliency for the potential tourist. Secondly, in order to highlight the role and dynamic aspects of Sufism, the nation should expose the original meaning of Sufism to the tourist and to the world. They should not make it a political issue and cause terror around the world. At last, in order to overcome the challenges, Pakistan needs to totally remove Jihad which is a false myth and should renew the true image of the nation. In this way, the nation can successfully brand their nation as a Sufi Country. Data Collection Methods Sufism is nothing but peoples beliefs in Pakistan and it is important to them. Therefore, qualitative data collection methods is being considered since this data collection method is concerned with the changes in perceptions of the people. Literature Review Introduction The literature review is collected and a theoretical background is explained. Here, the analysis is done and it is aimed for achieving the research objectives. It has been written earlier that the research objectives is the existence of Sufism in Pakistan as well as the Nation Branding. Nation Branding is concerned with the ideology of Sufism. The literature review also provides a detailed explanations of the strategies which can be made effective in case of Pakistan by using some examples of other nations(Philippon, 2014). The Birth of Nation Branding In August 2002, the concept of Nation Branding was developed and established in South Africa. It was developed during the establishment of IMC or International Marketing Council. Nation Branding has created an importance on the symbolic value of products. It have led many countries to highlight their unique characteristics. Nation branding has led to the enhancement of the tourism industry in South Africa. As a result, the tourism industry has led to development based on their strategic planning. Other countries such as Taiwan, Japan, China, Malaysia, South Korea, New Zealand, and Israel and so on has started practising Nation Branding(Philippon, 2014). The Concept of Nation Branding vs branding an organization The concept of branding is more concerned with the symbol, logo, design as well as name. Aaker and Biel said that brand is a designed for distinguishing any type of service or products of an organization to the customers. The identity of brand has become very important for the Pakistanis based on Sufism. The concept behind the nation branding reflects the image of the nation. For example, Pakistan approaches for nation branding. Since Sufism is their beliefs and also their cultures, so, they out Sufism in front to perform their branding. Nation brand can strongly exists in any country and among its all communities and societies. But there is a difference between the marketing a product and marketing a nation across the world. The image of a nation is influenced by their beliefs, lifestyles, society as well as culture. First of all, the marketing of a product is to capture the market and draw customers in order to sell their products and make lots of profits. But in case of nation bra nding, the country draws a huge number of tourist for their unique cultures, society and lifestyles. For example, Las Vegas is known as the place of entertainment. People come here to gamble in casinos. The brand value of Las Vegas is on top if it is observed from the side of Casinos. Moreover, the nation branding is a powerful tool which is utilized for capturing the attention of foreigners from the tourism point of view. A public community focus on improving the image of country so people outside the country are attracted for tourism purpose. The companies which only focus on marketing gains a competitive advantage over their rivals. But on the other hand, nation branding empowers a nation for increasing its competitive advantage in order to fetch new prospects for global industrial as well as service sectors. So it can be well argued that, nation branding is a term developed from marketing concept yet its wide features and proportions makes it confusing and complex. However, in modern era, tourism attractions and investments in tourism industries are majorly focusing nation branding. Tourism is a powerful source of increasing economic constancy and earnings opportunities. Moreover, some of the countries use their nation branding for the political issues. Most of the countries strengthens its nations branding by means of nation branding. The process behind the branding of a nation is an ethical step. There are some important components such as ideology and the integrity of the nation. These components play a major role in branding the nation. The nations must maintain its integrity and its ideology. For example, Myanmar is a country which is similar to Pakistan based on religious beliefs. The tourist are attracted to this country because of Buddhism. They maintain the ideology and integrity. Apart from these, the nation branding represents the total citizens of a country. Sufism as Nation Branding In Central Asia and Pakistan. Sufism is a culture which made an important place in cultural practice. Sufism is a trend which is followed by every citizens of the nations of Central Asia and Pakistan and it is present from the beginning and it do not come to an end. There is a story behind it and it is very interesting. After the death of a Saint, his followers try to revive the preaching and values of the Saint. In the memory of Saint, the followers rejoice the events of his birth, major aspects of life and death ceremonies in diverse ways suitable to culture and personal value of the saint. In most of the Asian countries, Sufism has a strong concept. From the past two hundred and fifty years, Sufism faced many challenges. Challenges such as conflict between the Sufism and Anti-Sufism were present. The ruins of the original Sufism is a mixed concept in the modern generation. People are declaring that the descendants of noble Sufi are the false image in modern generations. It is beli eved that modern Sufis is only a cover of original Sufis but they have no value inside them. Thus it became a threat to them. It is prophesied that if people of todays generation follows Sufism, it means that they are going on wrong path. Conceptual Framework This conceptual framework includes three major Sufism dimensions such as tourism appeal, musical appeal and ideological appeal. Tourism Appeal-Tourist are attracted to Pakistan because of Shrines, Mughal architectures and music, toms, beauty of Northern area of Pakistan and its Islamic culture and architecture. Musical Appeal-Based on the musical appeal, Pakistan is well known for Qawalis, which is a form of sufi devotional. Ideological Appeal- The ideological appeal is concerned with peaceful coexistence with the other countries. These three dimensions are extended and has concluded another conceptual framework for the study. The picture above is a conceptual framework. The effect of Sufism development as nation branding on this framework is described below: The negative picture of Pakistan is increasing overall currency because of the non-appearance of practical supervision by government as well as important partners. Pakistan as a Sufi brand can possibly develop into a solid nation brand (Menhas, Akhtar and Jabeen, 2013). The branding of Pakistan as a Sufi nation would not just make ready for framing an alternate arrangement of affiliations that would be decidedly opposing to the present militancy and radicalism situated discernments connected with Pakistan. However it would benefit the nation as a tourism destination. Today, Sufism has two dimensions. One is the Sufi tradition in Islam and another is Jihad which is false myth of Sufism. Jihad has evolved because of political issues and it started to cause terrors all around the world. Both of these dimensions are opposite of each other. Due to Jihad, the modern original Sufis are facing challenges. They are being murdered and hanged to death as people think them as Jihad. In order to solve this problem, the country should make use of marketing practices which must be assimilated with the theories of the implementation process of the policy. The nation should make use of data triangulation and several case studies The Sufis and Jihad got mixed into the minds of people. The modern Sufis need to follow strategies such as showing their originality. They need to start again and spread Sufism and act as non-violence (Menhas, Akhtar and Jabeen, 2013). References Menhas, R., Akhtar, D. and Jabeen, N. (2013). SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUFISM (A Case Study Of Hazret Sultan Bahu, Shorkot, Pakistan). IJARBSS, 3(9). Philippon, A. (2014). A sublime, yet disputed, object of political ideology? Sufism in Pakistan at the crossroads. Commonwealth Comparative Politics, 52(2), pp.271-292.

Sir Lancelot Essays - The Lady Of Shalott, , Term Papers

95.Sir Lancelot is going to Camelot 96.Its about dusk time or the sun is just going down 97.Its night and there are a bunch of stars out 98.a shooting star passing through the night 99.as it moves over Shalott, nothing is going on at Shalott 100.hes got wide and nice eyebrows that glisten in the sun 101.His horse's hooves are polished 102.Hes got hair that is long and it flows 103.His hair is coal black 104.His coal black hair flows as he rides to Camelot 105.He comes close to the river 106.He shows up in Shalotts mirror 107.Hes singing a song and he hear tirra lira 108.Sir Lancelot is singing 109.She stopped weaving and went towards the window 110.She made three large steps to the window 111.She looks out the window and sees water-lilies 112.She sees his helmet 113.She also look all the way down to Camelot 114.Her weaving came apart 115.The mirror cracked 116.She is realizing that the curse is upon her 117.Lady of Shalott 118.Wind is now stirring up 119.The tree leaves are turning yellow 120.The river is splashing all over the place 121.Its now raining on top of all that 122.All this is going every were including Camelot 123.She came down the tower and found a boat 124.Its floating below a willow tree 125.On the prow of the boat she writes her name 126.Lady of Shalott 127.She looks down the river 128.Like a person who can see into the future 129.And she can see that she is doomed by the curse 130.Her face has a glazed expression 131.She looked down to Camelot 132.At the end of the day 133.She unties the chain and she sits down In the boat 134.And she float down the river 135.Lady of Shalott 136.She is dressed all in Wight 137.The dress is loss and flowing in the wind 138.Leaves are falling on her lightly 139.The noises of the night like crickets and owls or wolves howling 140.She was floating down the river to Camelot 141.The boat was going down the winding river 142.She passes by fields full of willows and bare fields of grass 143.She is singing her last song and people near can hear it 144.Lady of Shalott 145.Her song is haunting and soft 146.Now her song is loud 147.Her blood is freezing over slowly 148.Her eyes were closing slowly she was dying 149.Her boat turned to Camelot 150.Before she reached the tide 151.Before the first house b the river 152.As she is singing her song she dies as she finishes 153.Lady of Shalott 154.She floating through the river that goes under a tower 155.She floats by a garden wall 156.She also floats by a tall shiny shape 157.As shes floating down by the houses 158.She is silent 159.They came out to see the dead lady 160.Everyone came out even knights, even a lord came out 161.They all gathered by the passing boat and read her name 162.Lady of Shalott 163.Who is coming in to the scene 164.Is the bright palace that is close by 165.This is a sad moment. No one is happy 166.They made the symbol of a cross to protect them self 167.Even the brave knights did the same 168.Here comes sir Lancelot 169.He says that she has a lovely face 170.He gives her a little prayer 171.Lady of Shalott

Advantage and Disadvantage Essay

Advantage and Disadvantage EssaySample Advantage and Disadvantage Essay, is the best way to solve the difficulty of choosing the right subject. It is a document that can save you from all the tension and overwhelm of choosing the right subject. If you are having trouble in making the choice of a subject then online writing samples are the best way to get answers for your doubts. But, there are so many things that need to be considered before using these samples, which will help you decide.One important thing that needs to be considered is the relevance of your writing. The advantage of these samples is that they help you to avoid awkward questions in answering the challenge. These samples are just templates which are used as a guide. There are certain parts of a genuine essay which can not be copied and used in the online version. These samples are sometimes too long and there is no substitute for the original essays.Another important consideration is the use of the 'uniqueness' in A dvantage and Disadvantage Essay. It is very important to know your topic. You should be clear about the topic or topics in order to improve your reading skills. There are certain considerations that need to be made before deciding which articles to use in your writing.Choose an article which is written in a style that suits you. In order to choose an article that suits you, it is important to identify your voice and personality. A question such as 'Where should I start writing my article?'Advantages and Disadvantages are part of any author's resource. It is very important to make them interesting and clear in order to know how they can be converted to the benefit of students. While considering advantages and disadvantages, it is important to consider the interests of the readers. How can your topic provide an insight to the students interests?Advantage and Disadvantage are also part of an essay in two forms. The first form of the essay is the reader's advantage. This form of advanta ge and disadvantage essay is taken from the real world issues. This form has a different format compared to the other forms of essay. In this form, the author can use different styles, which can help him to simplify his writing.The second form of advantage and disadvantage essay is the student's advantage. This form is similar to the second form of Advantage and Disadvantage Essay. The main difference is that the student's advantage is a combination of several parts that have been written to make them easier to understand.In this form of essay on the advantages and disadvantages are combined and composed in a few parts. The parts are chosen from the actual issues of the world. The student can even write an introduction to his essay and then add some parts. This will help him to make it clearer and more readable.